Breast and Axilla
The female breast comprises hormonally sensitive tissue that changes cyclically during monthly menstrual cycles and aging. Breast tissue is soft and normally nodular and uneven in texture. Most women are aware of the distinct physical characteristics of their breasts. They are often aware of monthly and age-related changes, as well as any new or abnormal changes in breast tissue. The nipple and areola contain smooth muscle that contracts to express milk during breastfeeding and trigger letdown following neurohormonal stimulation from a suckling infant (Bates, 13th Ed. chp. 18).
Male breasts consist of a small nipple and areola overlying a thin layer of underdeveloped breast tissue made mostly of ducts due to the absence of estrogen and progesterone stimulation.
Each breast drains lymphatically through axillary nodes on the chest wall making axillary assessment an important component of comprehensive breast assessment.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
- Review the basic anatomy and physiology of the male and female breasts and axilla
- Complete a comprehensive assessment of the breasts and axilla
- Understand the normal findings of a breast and axilla physical assessment
- Review common pathological signs and symptoms of breast and axilla disorders and dysfunction
- Learn appropriate documentation of assessment findings
- Practice and apply critical thinking skills through applicable case study review
