Batchelor, O. (2017). Getting out the truth: the role of libraries in the fight against fake news. Reference Services Review, 45(2), 143–148. https://doi.org/10.1108/RSR-03-2017-0006

Bavli, I. (2020). Industry influence and Health Canada’s responsibility: Lessons from the opioid epidemic in Canada. Addiction, 115(9), 1605–1606. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14929

Bekiempis, V. (2021, July 8). DMX’s official cause of death revealed. Vulture. Retrieved July 25, 2022, from https://www.vulture.com/2021/07/dmx-cause-of-death.html

Campbell, W. C. (2017). Getting it wrong: Debunking the greatest myths in American journalism (2nd ed.). University of California Press.

Chen, X., Sei-Ching, J. S., Theng, Y.-L., & Lee, C. S. (2015). Why students share misinformation on social media: Motivation, gender, and study-level differences. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 41(5), 583-592.

Davis, K. C. (2018, September 21). Philadelphia threw a WWI parade that gave thousands of onlookers the flu. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/philadelphia-threw-wwi-parade-gave-thousands-onlookers-flu-180970372/

de Paor, S., & Heravi, B. (2020). Information literacy and fake news: How the field of librarianship can help combat the epidemic of fake news. The Journal of Academic Leadership, 46(5). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2020.102218

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Flynn, M. (2020, March 12). What happens if parades aren’t canceled during pandemics? Philadeliphia found out in 1918 with disastrous results. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/03/12/pandemic-parade-flu-coronavirus/

Frishberg, H. (2021, July 8). DMX’s official cause of death revealed: He ‘fought till the very end.’ New York Post. https://nypost.com/2021/07/08/dmxs-cause-of-death-revealed-he-fought-til-the-very-end/

Gibbs, S., & Castillo, A. (2021). Digital citizenship: Misinformation & data commodification in the twenty-first century. https://openeducationalberta.ca/digitalcitizenship/

History.com. (2020, August 24). “The Great Moon Hoax” is published in the New York Sun.  https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-great-moon-hoax

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Kalter, L. (2020, October). A closer look at Joe Biden’s health. WebMD. Retrieved August 4, 2022, from https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/news/20201028/a-closer-look-at-joe-bidens-health

Kaminksa, I. (2017, January 17). A lesson in fake news from the info-wars of ancient Rome. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/aaf2bb08-dca2-11e6-86ac-f253db7791c6

LaCapria, K. (2016, July 6). Harvard study reveals just how much damage instant noodles do to your body. Snopes.com. Retrieved August 4, 2022, from https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/harvard-study-ramen-damage-body/

Liu, H., Liu, W., Yoganathan, V., & Osburg, V.-S. (2021). COVID-19 information overload and generation Z’s social media discontinuance intention during the pandemic lockdown. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 166, 120600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120600

Mangan, D., & Wilkie, C. (2021, November 19). Biden remains fit for duty, doctor says in summary of president’s medical examination. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/19/biden-remains-fit-for-duty-doctor-says-after-presidents-medical-exam.html

Menczer, F., & Hills, T. (2020). Information overload helps fake news spread, and social media knows it. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/information-overload-helps-fake-news-spread-and-social-media-knows-it/

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O’Connor, C., & Weatherall, J. O. (2019). The misinformation age: How false beliefs spread. Yale University Press.

Pollock, A. (2018, August 1). Roman propaganda in the age of Augustus. Brewminate: A Bold Blend of News and Ideas. https://brewminate.com/roman-propaganda-in-the-age-of-augustus/

Robinson, G. (2021, August 16). Legendary rapper DMX dies with no will, millions in debt, and 15 children—Part 1. The Advocate’s Blog. Retrieved August 4, 2022, from https://www.therobinsonadvocacygroup.com/legendary-rapper-dmx-dies-with-no-will-millions-in-debt-and-15-childrenpart-1

Schwartz, A. B. (2015, May 6). The infamous “War of the Worlds” radio broadcast was a magnificent fluke. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/infamous-war-worlds-radio-broadcast-was-magnificent-fluke-180955180/?no-ist

Smith, C. (2022, March 2). Joe Biden health: US president’s wife’s blunt response to question on his ‘mental fitness.’ Express. https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1573680/joe-biden-health-wife-jill-biden-state-of-the-union-us-president-ukraine-invasion-spt

Stecula, D. (2021). A citizen’s guide to navigating information disorder. https://osf.io/bpwkd/

Storey, G. R. (1997). The population of ancient Rome. Antiquity, 71(274), 966–978.

Swaine, J. (2018, September 6). Trump inauguration crowd photos were edited after he intervened. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/06/donald-trump-inauguration-crowd-size-photos-edited

Thomson, A., & Finnegan, G. (2020). Vaccine misinformation management guide: Guidance for addressing a global infodemic and fostering demand for immunization. United Nations Children’s Fund. https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/vaccinemisinformation.guide/downloads/VACCINE+MISINFORMATION+FIELD+GUIDE_eng.pdf

UCSB Science Line. (n.d.). How many stars are in space? Retrieved August 4, 2022 from http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=3775

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. (n.d.). Nazi propaganda. Retrieved August 4, 2022, from https://www.ushmm.org/collections/bibliography/nazi-propaganda-1

WayneUrso. (2020). Confused state [Image]. Imgflip. Retrieved August 9, 2022, from https://i.imgflip.com/4jbvb9.jpg

Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2018). Thinking about ‘information disorder’: formats of misinformation, disinformation, and mal-information. Journalism,‘fake news’& disinformation, 43-54.

Wardle, C., Greason, G., Kerwin, J., & Dias, N. (2018). Information disorder: The essential glossary. Shorenstein Center on Media. Politics and Public Policy. https://firstdraftnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/infoDisorder_glossary.pdf

The Week Staff. (2020, April 18). A parade that killed thousands? The Week. https://theweek.com/articles/909181/parade-that-killed-thousands

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Wikipedia. (2022). Alien autopsy. Retrieved August 9, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alien_autopsy&oldid=1100766941

Chapter 2

Ad Fonte Media. (2022). Static media bias chart. Retrieved August 2, 2022, from https://adfontesmedia.com/static-mbc/?utm_source=HomePage_StaticMBC_Button&utm_medium=OnWebSite_Button

Agarwal, N., & Bandeli, K. K. (2017). Blogs, fake news, and information activities. In Digital hydra: Security implications of false information online. NATO Strategic Communications Center of Excellence. https://stratcomcoe.org/publications/digital-hydra-security-implications-of-false-information-online/205

BBC. (2016, November 16). “Post-truth” declared word of the year by Oxford Dictionaries. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-37995600

Bogle, A. (2020, December 11). Sinister sounds: Podcasts are becoming the new medium of misinformation. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/dec/12/sinister-sounds-podcasts-are-becoming-the-new-medium-of-misinformation

Caulfield, M. (n.d.). Web literacy for student fact checkers. Pressbooks. https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/front-matter/web-strategies-for-student-fact-checkers/  

CBC/Radio-Canada. (n.d.). Journalistic standards and practices. CBC/Radio-Canada. Retrieved August 8, 2022, from https://cbc.radio-canada.ca/en/vision/governance/journalistic-standards-and-practices  [link provided in chapter]

Centre for Free Expression. (n.d.). Freedom of the press. Retrieved October 28, 2022, from https://cfe.torontomu.ca/issues/freedom-press

Chandler, D., & Munday, R. (2020). News. In A Dictionary of Media and Communication. Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordreference.com/vi ew/10.1093/acref/9780198841838.001.0001/acref-9780198841838-e-1859

CTV News. (n.d.). Editorial standards and policies. Retrieved August 8, 2022, from https://www.ctvnews.ca/editorial-standards-and-policies  [link provided in chapter]

Economist Impact. (2022, February 3). Data point: Trust issues. Retrieved August 3, 2022, from https://impact.economist.com/sustainability/social-sustainability/data-point-trust-issues

Editors Canada. (2017, January 1). Professional editorial standards 2016. https://www.editors.ca/publications/professional-editorial-standards-2016

Freeze, M., Baumgartner, M., Bruno, P., Gunderson, J. R., Olin, J., Ross, M. Q., & Szafran, J. (2021). Fake claims of fake news: Political misinformation, warnings, and the tainted truth effect. Political Behavior, 43(4), 1433–1465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-020-09597-3

Gibbs, S., & Castillo, A. (2021). Digital citizenship: Misinformation & data commodification in the twenty-first century. https://openeducationalberta.ca/digitalcitizenship/

Giansiracusa, N. (2021). How algorithms create and prevent fake news: Exploring the impacts of social media, deepfakes, GPT-3, and more.

Gil, R. (2022, September 6). Why Ottawa’s efforts to get Google and Facebook to pay for news content misses the mark. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/why-ottawas-efforts-to-get-google-and-facebook-to-pay-for-news-content-misses-the-mark-188875

Global News. (n.d.). Journalistic principles and practices. Retrieved August 8, 2022, from https://globalnews.ca/pages/principles-practices/ [link provided in chapter]

Government of Canada. (2022, June 21). Bill C-18: An act respecting online communications platforms that make news content available to persons in Canada. Government of Canada. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/pl/charter-charte/c18_1.html

Greenslade, R. (2014, July 27). First world war: How state and press kept truth off the front page. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/jul/27/first-world-war-state-press-reporting

Harcup, T. (2014). News. In A Dictionary of Journalism. Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199646241.001.0001/acref-9780199646241-e-891

Hassan, A., & Barber, S. J. (2021). The effects of repetition frequency on the illusory truth effect. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 6(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-021-00301-5

Horner, C. G., Galletta, D., Crawford, J., & Shirsat, A. (2022). Emotions: The unexplored fuel of fake news on social media. Journal of Management Information Systems, 38(4), 1039–1066. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2021.1990610

Ipsos. (2018, September 6). Fake news, filter bubbles and post-truth are other people’s problems. Ipsos. Retrieved June 1, 2022, from https://www.ipsos.com/en/fake-news-filter-bubbles-and-post-truth-are-other-peoples-problems

John Gray Park ’28 Library. (n.d.). Disinformation in the digital age: A glossary. John Gray Park ’28 Library. Retrieved August 8, 2022, from https://libguides.kent-school.edu/c.php?g=841897&p=6016021

John, M. (2021, January 13). REUTERS NEXT Public trust crumbles under COVID-19, fake news -survey. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/reuters-next-public-trust-crumbles-under-covid-19-fake-news-survey-2021-01-13/

Jolly, B. (2021, March 30). Google and Facebook control the Internet advertising market in Canada. News Media Canada. https://nmc-mic.ca/2021/03/30/google-and-facebook-control-the-internet-advertising-market-in-canada/

Jordan, M. (2021). Emily Wilder and journalism’s longstanding Achille’s heel – partisans who cry bias. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/emily-wilder-and-journalisms-longstanding-achilles-heel-partisans-who-cry-bias-161552

Langguth, J., Filkuková, P., Brenner, S., Schroeder, D. T., & Pogorelov, K. (2022). COVID-19 and 5G conspiracy theories: long term observation of a digital wildfire. International journal of data science and analytics, 1–18. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-022-00322-3

Law, H. (2021, September 1). Part Two. The Rise of Google and Facebook and the decline of Canadian local news. Media Action Plan. https://www.mediaactionplan.ca/post/the-rise-of-google-and-facebook-and-the-decline-of-canadian-local-news

Lee, C. S., & Ma, L. (2012). News sharing in social media: The effect of gratifications and prior experience. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(2), 331–339. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.10.002  

Lee, D. (2018, November 12). How President Trump took “fake news” into the mainstream. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-46175024

Lindgren, A. (2020). Local news is being decimated during one of its most important moments. Policy Options. https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/may-2020/local-news-is-being-decimated-during-one-of-its-most-important-moments/

Lindgren, A. (2021, February 8). Local news organizations help sort fact from fiction. Toronto Star. https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2021/02/08/local-news-organizations.html  

Maliszewski, D. (n.d.). The bias in media bias charts. Association for Media Literacy. https://aml.ca/the-bias-in-media-bias-charts/

Martin, N. (2018, November 20). How social media has changed how we consume news. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/nicolemartin1/2018/11/30/how-social-media-has-changed-how-we-consume-news/

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Merriam-Webster. (n.d.d). Partisan. In Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved August 8, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/partisan

News Literacy Project. (n.d.). Breaking news reports can be hit or miss, because accuracy takes time. Retrieved March 25, 2023, from https://newslit.org/tips-tools/news-lit-tip-breaking-news/

Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2019). Lazy, not biased: Susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoning. Cognition, 188, 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.011  

Pinker, S. (2018, February 17). The media exaggerates negative news. This distortion has consequences. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/feb/17/steven-pinker-media-negative-news

Reddit. (n.d.). Content policy. Retrieved August 8, 2022, from https://www.redditinc.com/policies/content-policy

Schneider, A. (2016, June 20). Fake news story says Vin Diesel is moving to Saskatoon. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/vin-diesel-not-moving-saskatoon-1.3643317

Sisario, J. (2022, February 8). Spotify states that it’s standing by Joe Rogan. New York Times. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A692360061/ITOF?u=siast&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=87f8c438

Statistics Canada. (2020, April 8). Main source of information about COVID-19, March and April 2020. Government of Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/200408/t003c-eng.htm

Stecula, D. (2021). A citizen’s guide to navigating information disorder. https://osf.io/bpwkd/

Suciu, P. (2020). From scams to mainstream headlines, clickbait is on the rise. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/petersuciu/2020/02/10/clickbait-how-baby-yoda-is-mourning-kobe-bryant-and-kirk-douglas-while-giving-up-vaping-and-cbd-to-fight-coronavirus/?sh=1e01f4511111

Sutton, K. (2017, January 11). Trump calls CNN “fake news,” as channel defends its reporting on intelligence briefing. POLITICO. Retrieved August 3, 2022, from https://politi.co/2z8oYFL

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Vos, T. P. (2018). Journalism. De Gruyter Mouton.

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Woolf, M. (2022, May 14). Google warns online news bill could make it subsidize biased news outlets. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/google-news-bill-outlet-support-1.6453542

Zimmer, F., Scheibe, K., & Stock, W. G. (2019). Fake news in social media: Bad algorithms or biased users? Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice, 7(2), 40–53. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1633/JISTaP.2019.7.2.4

Chapter 3

Bajwa, A. (2021). Information disorder, the Triumvirate, and COVID-19: How media outlets, foreign state intrusion, and the far-right diaspora drive the COVID-19 anti-vaccination movement. The Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare, 4(2), 16–45. https://doi.org/10.21810/jicw.v4i2.3067

Bond, S. (2020). Twitter expands warning labels to slow spread of election misinformation. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2020/10/09/922028482/twitter-expands-warning-labels-to-slow-spread-of-election-misinformation

Brisson-Boivin, K., & McAleese, S. (2021). Algorithmic awareness: Conversations with young Canadians about artificial intelligence and privacy. MediaSmarts. https://mediasmarts.ca/sites/default/files/publication-report/full/report_algorithmic_awareness.pdf

Buchanan, T. (2020, October 7). Why do people spread false information online? The effects of message and viewer characteristics on self-reported likelihood of sharing social media disinformation. PLoS ONE, 15(10). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239666

Coleman, K. (2021, January 25). Introducing Birdwatch, a community-based approach to misinformation. Twitter Blog. Retrieved August 9, 2022, from https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/product/2021/introducing-birdwatch-a-community-based-approach-to-misinformation

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Fisher, M. (2021, July 25). Disinformation for hire, a shadow industry, is quietly booming. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/25/world/europe/disinformation-social-media.html

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Gibbs, S., & Castillo, A. (2021). Digital citizenship: Misinformation & data commodification in the twenty-first century. https://openeducationalberta.ca/digitalcitizenship/

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Jarry, J. (2021). A dozen misguided influencers spread most of the anti-vaccination content on social media. McGill Office for Science and Society. https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/covid-19-health/dozen-misguided-influencers-spread-most-anti-vaccination-content-social-media

Kats, D. (2020, April 29). Identifying sockpuppet accounts on social media platforms. Norton Labs. Retrieved August 9, 2022, from https://www.nortonlifelock.com/blogs/norton-labs/identifying-sockpuppet-accounts-social-media

Khan, M. L., & Idris, I. K. (2019). Recognise misinformation and verify before sharing: A reasoned action and information literacy. Behaviour & Information Technology, 38(12), 1194–1212. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1578828

Klosowski, T. (2022, July 27). The best two-factor authentication app. WireCutter. https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-two-factor-authentication-app/

Leaning, M. (2019). An approach to digital literacy through the integration of media and information literacy. Media and Communication, 7(2), 4–13. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i2.1931

Lee, M. (2022, November 22). Elon Musk’s “Free Speech” Twitter is still censoring DDoSecrets. The Intercept. Retrieved November 29, 2022, from https://theintercept.com/2022/11/22/elon-musk-twitter-censor-ddosecrets/

Maheshwari, S. (2017, November 4). On YouTube Kids, startling videos slip past filters. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/04/business/media/youtube-kids-paw-patrol.html  

Menczer, F., & Hills, T. (2020). Information overload helps fake news spread, and social media knows it. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/information-overload-helps-fake-news-spread-and-social-media-knows-it/  

Microsoft. (n.d.). Protect yourself from malware and phishing. Retrieved July 14, 2022, from https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/protect-yourself-from-malware-and-phishing-c1c0c2cf-7e80-4805-8b7e-81aa48610b44

Morgan, J., & Shaffer, K. (2017, March 31). Sockpuppets, secessionists, and Breitbart. Data for Democracy. https://medium.com/data-for-democracy/sockpuppets-secessionists-and-breitbart-7171b1134cd5

Murphy, A. (2022, October 31). Use of N-word, racial slurs up more than 500% on Twitter post-Musk, says new report. Toronto Star. https://www.thestar.com/business/2022/10/31/use-of-n-word-racial-slurs-up-more-than-500-on-twitter-post-musk-says-new-report.html

Newberry, C. (2022, February 11). How the TikTok algorithm works in 2022 (and how to work with it). Hootsuite Blog. Retrieved June 8, 2022, from https://blog.hootsuite.com/tiktok-algorithm/

Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Schulz, A., And|, S., & Nielsen, R. (2020). Digital News Report 2020. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-06/DNR_2020_FINAL.pdf

Noble, S. U. (2018). Algorithms of oppression: how search engines reinforce racism. New York University Press.

Nott, L. (2019). Political advertising on social media platforms. Human Rights, 45(3), 1-4.

Pennycook, G., Cannon, T. D., & Rand, D. G. (2018). Prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 147(12), 1865–1880. https://doi.org/https://content.apa.org/doi/10.1037/xge0000465

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Reuters. (2021, July 17). ‘They’re killing people’: Biden slams Facebook for Covid disinformation. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/jul/17/theyre-killing-people-biden-slams-facebook-for-covid-misinformation

Sadagopan, S. M. (2019). Feedback loops and echo chambers: How algorithms amplify viewpoints. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/feedback-loops-and-echo-chambers-how-algorithms-amplify-viewpoints-107935

Saurwein, F., & Spencer-Smith, C. (2021). Automated trouble: The role of algorithmic selection in harms on social media platforms. Media and Communication, 9(4S1), 222-233. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i4.4062

Schreiber, M. (2022, November 21). ‘Verified’ anti-vax accounts proliferate as Twitter struggles to police content. The Guardian. https://amp.theguardian.com/technology/2022/nov/21/twitter-anti-vax-health-misinformation?fbclid=IwAR2MXewojjJ7zFW0LNJ7D-9EoW3IXEQpSqDGX2wfT9FbhNoZDVNTAtwa00Y

Seymour, T., Frantsvog, D., & Kumar, S. (2011, September 12). History Of Search Engines. International Journal of Management & Information Systems. https://clutejournals.com

Shontell, A. (2013, September 27). Here’s what Google looked like the first day it launched in 1998. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/heres-what-google-looked-like-the-first-day-it-launched-in-1998-2013-9

Silverman, C. (2017, December 20). Facebook is getting rid of its fact-checking label and replacing it with this. BuzzFeed News. Retrieved May 26, 2022, from https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/facebook-is-getting-rid-of-its-fact-checking-label-and

Smith, M. (2015). Targeted: How technology is revolutionizing advertising and the way companies reach consumers. American Management Association (AMACOM).

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Stecula, D. (2021). A citizen’s guide to navigating information disorder. https://osf.io/bpwkd/

TikTok. (2020, June 18). How TikTok recommends videos #ForYou. TikTok. Retrieved June 8, 2022, from https://newsroom.tiktok.com/en-us/how-tiktok-recommends-videos-for-you

Twitter. (n.d.). COVID-19 misleading information policy. Help Center. Retrieved August 10, 2022, from https://help.twitter.com/en/rules-and-policies/medical-misinformation-policy

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Vorhaus, M. (2020, June 24). People increasingly turn to social media for news. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikevorhaus/2020/06/24/people-increasingly-turn-to-social-media-for-news/

Watson, A. (2022, July 7). Leading social networks used weekly for news in Canada from 2019 to 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/563514/social-networks-used-for-news-canada/  

Zimmer, F., Scheibe, K., & Stock, W. G. (2019). Fake news in social media: Bad algorithms or biased users? Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice, 7(2), 40–53. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1633/JISTaP.2019.7.2.4 

Zukerman, W. (2022, February 24). Misinformation: What should our tech overlords do? Science VS. https://gimletmedia.com/shows/science-vs/llhw4em/misinformation-what-should-our-tech

Chapter 4

Abidin, C., Lee, J., Barbetta, T., & Miao, W. S. (2020). Influencers and COVID-19: reviewing key issues in press coverage across Australia, China, Japan, and South Korea. Media International Australia, 178(1), 114–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X20959838

Academic Minute. (2021, December 15). Trudi Jacobson, University at Albany – renewable assignments, Wikipedia, and Metaliteracy. Retrieved August 8, 2022, from  https://academicminute.org/2021/12/trudi-jacobson-university-at-albany-renewable-assignments-wikipedia-and-metaliteracy/

Auxier, B. (n.d.). Social media continue to be important political outlets for Black Americans. Pew Research Center. Retrieved July 22, 2022, from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/12/11/social-media-continue-to-be-important-political-outlets-for-black-americans/

Bajwa, A. (2021). Information disorder, the Triumvirate, and COVID-19: How media outlets, foreign state intrusion, and the far-right diaspora drive the COVID-19 anti-vaccination movement. The Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare, 4(2), 16–45.

Barr, R. A. (2019, November 17). Fake news grabs our attention, produces false memories and appeals to our emotions. The Conversation. http://theconversation.com/fake-news-grabs-our-attention-produces-false-memories-and-appeals-to-our-emotions-124842

bewellbykelly. (n.d.). Kelly LeVeque (@bewellbykelly). Instagram. Retrieved August 8, 2022, from https://www.instagram.com/bewellbykelly/

Bradley, S. (2022, December 23). How much money Instagram influencers make. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/how-much-money-instagram-influencers-earn-examples-2021-6

Bradshaw, S., & Howard, P. N. (2017). Troops, trolls and troublemakers: A global inventory of organized social media manipulation. Computational Propaganda Research Project, 2017.12. https://demtech.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/89/2017/07/Troops-Trolls-and-Troublemakers.pdf

Brown, J. (2022). Russia’s weapons of mass deception. CanadaLand. https://www.canadaland.com/podcast/760-russias-weapons-of-mass-deception/

Buchanan, T. (2020a, December 18). How to reduce the spread of fake news – by doing nothing. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/how-to-reduce-the-spread-of-fake-news-by-doing-nothing-152097

Buchanan, T. (2020b, October 7). Why do people spread false information online? The effects of message and viewer characteristics on self-reported likelihood of sharing social media disinformation. PLoS ONE, 15(10). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239666

Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). catfish. Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/catfish

Chen, X., Sei-Ching, J. S., Theng, Y.-L., & Lee, C. S. (2015). Why students share misinformation on social media: Motivation, gender, and study-level differences. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 41(5), 583-592.

de Paor, S., & Heravi, B. (2020). Information literacy and fake news: How the field of librarianship can help combat the epidemic of fake news. The Journal of Academic Leadership, 46(5). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2020.102218

Dickson, B. (2020). What is a deepfake? PC Mag. https://www.pcmag.com/news/what-is-a-deepfake

Dwyer, C. (2019, November 15). 7 Reasons we fall for fake news. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/thoughts-thinking/201911/7-reasons-why-we-fall-fake-news

Fletcher, R. (2020, January 24). The truth behind filter bubbles: Bursting some myths. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/news/truth-behind-filter-bubbles-bursting-some-myths

Foxwell, B. (2020, February 17). A guide to social media influencers: Mega, macro, micro, and nano. Iconosquare Blog. https://blog.iconosquare.com/guide-to-social-media-influencers/

Global News. (2021, October 14). Curbside garbage and organics program pros and cons [Video]. https://globalnews.ca/video/8267461/curbside-garbage-and-organics-program-pros-and-cons

Guerriero, L., & Anderson, S. (2022, February 24). The convoy and the questions: How a protest paralyzed a capital [Video]. CBC. https://gem.cbc.ca/media/the-fifth-estate/s47e12

Hassan, A., & Barber, S. J. (2021). The effects of repetition frequency on the illusory truth effect. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 6(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-021-00301-5

Horner, C. G., Galletta, D., Crawford, J., & Shirsat, A. (2021). Emotions: The unexplored fuel of fake news on social media. Journal of Management Information Systems, 38(4), 1039–1066. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2021.1990610

Jacobson, L. (2016, November 17). No, someone wasn’t paid $3,500 to protest Donald Trump; it’s fake news. PolitiFact. Retrieved August, 8, 2022, from https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2016/nov/17/blog-posting/no-someone-wasnt-paid-3500-protest-donald-trump-it/

Jansen, Y. (2020). A theoretical analysis of the impact of influencers on the quality of news on social media. https://scriptiebank.be/sites/default/files/thesis/2020-10/20152294_M0096002_2190_ZIT1_Jansen-Yannick-2020_0.pdf

Kardash, M. (n.d.). @sneaksandlipstick. Retrieved July 22, 2022, from https://www.instagram.com/sneaksandlipstick/?hl=en

kyliejenner. (n.d.). Kylie (@kyliejenner). Instagram. Retrieved August 8, 2022, from https://www.instagram.com/kyliejenner/

Leicester, J. (2021, May 26). Influencers say they got offered thousands to spread fake news on Pfizer Covid-19 vaccine. Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/7894613/covid-19-coronavirus-misinformation-influencer-france-sponsor-fake-news/

Lou, C., & Yuan, S. (2019). Influencer marketing: How message value and credibility affect consumer trust of branded content on social media. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 19(1), 58–73. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2018.1533501

Lynchy. (2016, February 28). “Girls, make your move” the message in latest govt campaign targeting inactive young women. Campaign Brief. https://campaignbrief.com/girls-make-your-move-the-messa/

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Martin, N. (2018, November 20). How social media has changed how we consume news. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/nicolemartin1/2018/11/30/how-social-media-has-changed-how-we-consume-news/  

MediaKix. (2021). Top Instagram influencers reach more than 141M followers. Retrieved August 8, 2022, from https://mediakix.com/blog/top-instagram-influencers/

Menczer, F., & Hills, T. (2020). Information overload helps fake news spread, and social media knows it. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/information-overload-helps-fake-news-spread-and-social-media-knows-it/  

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.e). Activist. In Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved August 12, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/activist  

Meta. (n.d.). Aggregated Facebook post engagement. Retrieved August 8, 2022, from https://www.facebook.com/business/help/251837856080253  

Metaliteracy.org. (n.d.). About. Retrieved August 17, 2022, from https://metaliteracy.org/about/

Molina, M. D., Sundar, S. S., Le, T., & Lee, D. (2021). “Fake news” is not simply false information: A concept explication and taxonomy of online content. American Behavioral Scientist, 65(2), 180–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219878224

mr.pokee. (n.d.). mr. pokee @mr.pokee. Instagram. Retrieved August 8, 2022, from https://www.instagram.com/mr.pokee/

O’Connor, C., & Weatherall, J. O. (2019). The misinformation age: How false beliefs spread. Yale University Press.

O’Leary, L. (2022, March 4). Ukraine’s information war. Slate. https://slate.com/podcasts/what-next-tbd/2022/03/ukraines-information-war

Pelley, C. (2019, January 24). Trolling the trolls: 3 St. John’s Internet trolls share why they do it. The Overcast. https://theovercast.ca/trolling-the-trolls-3-st-johns-internet-trolls-share-why-they-do-it/

Pennycook, G., Martel, C., & Rand, D. (2019, September 12). Knowing how fake news preys on your emotions can help you spot it. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/analysis-fake-news-appeals-to-emotion-1.5274207

PressProgress. (2022). Meet the extremists and social media influencers at the centre of the far-right siege of Ottawa. PressProgress. Retrieved August 8, 2022, from https://pressprogress.ca/meet-the-extremists-and-social-media-influencers-at-the-centre-of-the-far-right-siege-of-ottawa/

Ross Arguedas, A., Robertson, C. T., Fletcher, R., & Nielsen, R. (2022). Echo chambers, filter bubbles, and polarisation: A literature review. Reuters. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/echo-chambers-filter-bubbles-and-polarisation-literature-review?msclkid=7bda66eda70e11ecbfdabdd183183e9b

Saurwein, F., & Spencer-Smith, C. (2021). Automated trouble: The role of algorithmic selection in harms on social media platforms. Media and Communication, 9(4S1), 222-233. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i4.4062

Schimmele, C., Fonberg, J., & Schellenberg, G. (2021, March 24). Canadians’ assessments of social media in their lives. Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/36-28-0001/2021003/article/00004-eng.htm

Stecula, D. (2021). A citizen’s guide to navigating information disorder. https://osf.io/bpwkd/

Stringhini, G., & Zannettou, S. (2020, August 13). Political trolls adapt, create material to deceive and confuse the public. The Conversation. http://theconversation.com/political-trolls-adapt-create-material-to-deceive-and-confuse-the-public-135177

Vanderburg, H. (2019, October 26). Fitness influencers aren’t always certified experts. Calgary Herald. https://www.pressreader.com/canada/calgary-herald/20191026/282982516756557

Walker, M., & Matsa, K. E. (2021). News consumption across social media in 2021. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2021/09/20/news-consumption-across-social-media-in-2021/

Watson, A. (2022, July 7). Leading social networks used weekly for news in Canada from 2019 to 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/563514/social-networks-used-for-news-canada/  

Wikipedia. (2022). Greta Thunberg. In Wikipedia. Retrieved March 24, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greta_Thunberg&oldid=1103056636

Wong, L. (2021, September 2). 9 types of social media and how each can benefit your business. Hootsuite. Retrieved August 8, 2022, from https://blog.hootsuite.com/types-of-social-media/

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Zannettou, S. & Blackburn, J. (2018). Propaganda-spewing Russian trolls act differently online from regular people. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/propaganda-spewing-russian-trolls-act-differently-online-from-regular-people-100855

Zimmer, F., Scheibe, K., & Stock, W. G. (2019). Fake news in social media: Bad algorithms or biased users? Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice, 7(2), 40–53. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1633/JISTaP.2019.7.2.4

Chapter 5

Bates, C., & Rowell, A. (1999). Tobacco explained: The truth about the tobacco industry…in its own words. World Health Organization. https://escholarship.org/content/qt9fp6566b/qt9fp6566b_noSplash_cf5479bcb22b38bca6c5db7a3ffb9dfe.pdf

Buchanan, T. (2020a, December 18). How to reduce the spread of fake news – by doing nothing. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/how-to-reduce-the-spread-of-fake-news-by-doing-nothing-152097

Caulfield, M. (2019, June 19). SIFT (The four moves). Hapgood. https://hapgood.us/2019/06/19/sift-the-four-moves/

Caulfield, M. (n.d.). Web literacy for student fact checkers. Pressbooks. https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/front-matter/web-strategies-for-student-fact-checkers/  

Delorme, A., & Saskatchewan Polytechnic. (2020). [RADAR infographic]. https://saskpolytech.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=35840469

Dunworth, J. (n.d.). Prue Talbot, junk science and electronic cigarettes. Ashtray Blog. Retrieved August 10, 2022, from https://www.ecigarettedirect.co.uk/ashtray-blog/2010/12/prue-talbot-junk-science-and-electronic-cigarettes.html

Dunworth, J. (2012, March 6). Is smoking ever good for you? Here are 6 possible benefits. Ashtray Blog. Retrieved August 10, 2022, from https://www.ecigarettedirect.co.uk/ashtray-blog/2012/03/smoking-is-good-for-you.html

Elmwood, V. (2020). The journalistic approach: evaluating web sources in an age of mass disinformation. Communications in Information Literacy, 14(2), 269–286. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15760/comminfolit.2020.14.2.6

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Keppler, N. (2018, April 20). Is it safe for non-smokers to chew nicotine gum? Vice. https://www.vice.com/en_us/embed/article/xw7agz/four-surprising-potential-health-benefits-of-nicotine?utm_source=stylizedembed_tonic.vice.com&utm_campaign=59ja4q&site=tonic

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O’Connor, C., & Weatherall, J. O. (2019). The misinformation age: How false beliefs spread. Yale University Press.

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Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2019). Lazy, not biased: Susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoning. Cognition, 188, 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.011

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Stecula, D. (2021). A citizen’s guide to navigating information disorder. https://osf.io/bpwkd/

UC Riverside (n.d.). Prue Talbot. Retrieved August 11, 2022, from https://stemcell.ucr.edu/stem-cell-center/faculty/prue-talbot

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Verishagen, N. (2021). 5w’s infographic [Image].

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